…while the nooz is busy distracting the American public with “shutting down the government” nonsense….America is quietly being sold to the highest bidder while taxpayers foot the bill. Warning: probably not the thing to read while you’re eating.
Mark Fiore’s Cartoon of the nasty business:
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More dark money in government associated with the Kochs. More here. Further proof that the rich are not being taxed enough if they have this kind of money to throw around.
Again, a person has a right to decide what goes into their body. Right to Privacy.
A dairy farmer in my area told me that he drank raw milk every morning. This was before my own education on it, and I was aghast that he would risk his health drinking unpasteurized milk. Haha. He was one wise man.
I went outside today — a beautiful sunny day — to take the doggie out. I look up, and the sky is just plastered with chemtrails. They have been spraying more and more of them every few days. I thought about farmers having to work outside all day with that poisonous mixture of barium and other stuff…and wondered if any were raising protests against them.
I found this –– a protest in San Francisco. Another video here –not too far into it, the guy mentions he had rainwater tested and found high levels of barium and aluminum in it. I know there are some who are um, “out there” but not all of them.
Others mention how the chemtrails affect rain amounts–causing droughts. When we were in a drought last year, they were being sprayed in Fort Wayne nearly every.single.day.
“They call it weather modification, which they try to make it sound like a good thing,” Neilson said.
Sion said he has found proof through the U.S. Patent Office that this technology exists.
“To create artificial clouds of aluminum for solar radiation management,” Sion said. “That’s what it’s purported to be.”
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The Patent given to Hughes Aircraft:
United States Patent
5,003,186
Chang , et al.
March 26, 1991
Stratospheric Welsbach seeding for reduction of global warming AbstractA method is described for reducing atmospheric or global warming resulting from the presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, i.e., from the greenhouse effect. Such gases are relatively transparent to sunshine, but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth. The method incudes the step of seeding the layer of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere with particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity. Such materials include Welsbach materials and the oxides of metals which have high emissivity (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micron infrared wavelength regions.
Inventors:
Chang; David B. (Tustin, CA), Shih; I-Fu (Los Alamitos, CA)
Primary Examiner: Berman; Jack I. Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sales; Michael W. Denson-Low; Wanda
Claims
What is claimed is: 1. A method of reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a layer of gases in the atmosphere which absorb strongly near infrared wavelength radiation, comprising the step of dispersing tiny particles of a material within the gases’ layer, the particle material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said material has high emissivities with respect to radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra, and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum, whereby said tiny particles provide a means for converting infrared heat energy into far infrared radiation which is radiated into space. 2. The method of claim wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises thorium oxide. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said particles are dispersed by seeding the stratosphere with a quantity of said particles at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth’s surface. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the size of said particles is in the range of ten to one hundred microns. 7. The method of claim wherein said material comprises a refractory material. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said material is a Welsbach material. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/.sigma..sub.abs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and .sigma..sub.abs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths. 10. A method for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer, comprising the following step: seeding the greenhouse gases’ layer with a quantity of tiny particles of a material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum, whereby said particles are suspended within said gases’ layer and provide a means for converting radiative energy at near infrared wavelengths into radiation at the far infrared wavelengths, permitting some of the converted radiation to escape into space. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is thorium oxide. 14. The method of claim 10 wherein said seeding is performed at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth’s surface. 15. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises a refractory material. 16. The method of claim 10 wherein said particle size is in range of ten to one hundred microns. 17. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is a Welsbach material. 18. The method of claim 10 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/.sigma..sub.abs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and .sigma..sub.abs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a method for the reduction of global warming resulting from the greenhouse effect, and in particular to a method which involves the seeding of the earth’s stratosphere with Welsbach-like materials. Global warming has been a great concern of many environmental scientists. Scientists believe that the greenhouse effect is responsible for global warming. Greatly increased amounts of heat-trapping gases have been generated since the Industrial Revolution. These gases, such as CO.sub.2, CFC, and methane, accumulate in the atmosphere and allow sunlight to stream in freely but block heat from escaping (greenhouse effect). These gases are relatively transparent to sunshine but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth. Most current approaches to reduce global warming are to restrict the release of various greenhouse gases, such as CO.sub.2, CFC, and methane. These imply the need to establish new regulations and the need to monitor various gases and to enforce the regulations. One proposed solution to the problem of global warming involves the seeding of the atmosphere with metallic particles. One technique proposed to seed the metallic particles was to add the tiny particles to the fuel of jet airliners, so that the particles would be emitted from the jet engine exhaust while the airliner was at its cruising altitude. While this method would increase the reflection of visible light incident from space, the metallic particles would trap the long wavelength blackbody radiation released from the earth. This could result in net increase in global warming. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for reduction of global warming due to the greenhouse effect which permits heat to escape through the atmosphere. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A method is disclosed for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer. The method comprises the step of seeding the greenhouse gas layer with a quantity of tiny particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength regions and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength region. Such materials can include the class of materials known as Welsbach materials. The oxides of metal, e.g., aluminum oxide, are also suitable for the purpose. The greenhouse gases layer typically extends between about seven and thirteen kilometers above the earth’s surface. The seeding of the stratosphere occurs within this layer. The particles suspended in the stratosphere as a result of the seeding provide a mechanism for converting the blackbody radiation emitted by the earth at near infrared wavelengths into radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength so that this heat energy may be reradiated out into space, thereby reducing the global warming due to the greenhouse effect. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 illustrates a model for the heat trapping phenomenon, i.e., the greenhouse effect. FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight incident on earth and of the earth’s blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired particle material. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 1 shows a model for the heat-trapping (greenhouse effect) phenomenon. It is assumed that the greenhouse gases are concentrated at altitudes between y=0 (at some altitude Y.sub.1, above the earth’s surface) and y=1. Regardless of the sunshine reflected back into space, i.sub.1 and i.sub.2 denote the shortwavelength sunlight energies that are absorbed by the earth’s surface and the greenhouse gases, respectively. Available data shows that i.sub.1 =0.45 i.sub.sol and i.sub.2 =0.25 i.sub.sol, where i.sub.sol is the total flux from the sun. The short wavelength sunlight heats up the greenhouse gases and the earth surface, and this energy is eventually reradiated out in the long wavelength infrared region. FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight and the earth’s blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength. As illustrated, some 30% of the sunlight energy is in the near infrared region. The earth’s blackbody radiation, on the other hand, is at the far infrared wavelength. Referring again to FIG. 1, I.sub.s, I.sub.+, I.sub.-, I.sub.g and I.sub.e represent the fluxes in the infrared wavelength region, where I.sub.s and I.sub.g are the fluxes reradiated by the greenhouse gases toward the sky and ground, respectively; I.sub.e is the flux reradiated by the earth; and I.sub.+ and I.sub.- are fluxes within the gases radiating toward the space and ground, respectively. I.sub.+ and I.sub.- are functions of y, e.g., I.sub.+ (0) is the I.sub.+ flux at y=0. Considering the principles of energy conservation and continuity at boundaries, the following relationships are obtained: where R.sub.o, R.sub.l and R are the reflectivities at the y=0 and y=1 boundaries and at the earth’s surface. I.sub.BB (T.sub.e) is the blackbody radiation flux at the earth’s temperature T.sub.e. Within the greenhouse gases’ layer, the energy equations are where I.sub.BB (T.sub.g) is the blackbody radiation flux at the greenhouse gases’ temperature T.sub.g, and .alpha. is the absorption coefficient of the gases. The solutions of equations 8 and 9 are given by equations 10 and 11: To illustrate the effects of R.sub.o and R.sub.l on the green-house effect, the extreme case is considered wherein a high concentration of greenhouse gases has strong absorption in the infrared region; that is, for y=1, e.sup.-.alpha.l approaches 0. Then, using Equations 3 and 4, the relationships of Equations 12 and 13 are obtained. From Equations 5 and 7, or From Equations 2 and 1, or Combining Equations 14 and 15, the relationship of Equation 16 is obtained. Finally, Equation 6 gives the blackbody radiation from the earth’s surface in terms of i.sub.1 and i.sub.2 and the three reflectivities: or To achieve a lower temperature of the earth, (considering i.sub.1, i.sub.2 and R as constants), it is desirable to make R and R.sub.l as small as possible. Known refractory materials have a thermal emissivity function which is strongly wavelength dependent. For example, the materials may have high emissivity (and absorption) at the far infrared wavelengths, high emissivity in the visible wavelength range, and very low emissivity at intermediate wavelengths. If a material having those emissivity characteristics and a black body are exposed to IR energy of equal intensity, the selective thermal radiator will emit visible radiation with higher efficiency (if radiation cooling predominates), i.e., the selective thermal radiator will appear brighter than the black body. This effect is known as the Welsbach effect and is extensively used in commercial gas lantern mantles. Welsbach materials have the characteristic of wavelength-dependent emissivity (or reflectivity). For example, thorium oxide (ThO.sub.2) has high emissivities in the visible and far IR regions but it has low emissivity in the near IR region. So, in accordance with the invention, the layer of greenhouse gases is seeded with Welsbach or Welsbach-like materials which have high emissivities (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micrometer infrared regions, which has the effect of reducing R.sub.o and R.sub.l while introducing no effect in the visible range. A desired material for the stratospheric seeding has a reflection coefficient close to unity for near IR radiation, and a reflection coefficient close to zero (or emissity close to unity) for far IR radiation. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired material. Another class of materials having the desired property includes the oxides of metals. For example, aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) is one metal oxide suitable for the purpose and which is relatively inexpensive. It is presently believed that particle sizes in the ten to one hundred micron range would be suitable for the seeding purposes. Larger particles would tend to settle to the earth more quickly. The particles in the required size range can be obtained with conventional methods of grinding and meshing. It is believed that the number of particles n.sub.d per unit area in the particle layer should be defined by Equation 18: where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and .sigma..sub.abs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the long IR wavelengths. One crude estimate of the density of particles is given by Equation (19): where c is the speed of light, m is the average particle mass, e is the electron charge, and w is the absorption line width in sec.sup.-1. The greenhouse gases are typically in the earth’s stratosphere at an altitude of seven to thirteen kilometers. This suggests that the particle seeding should be done at an altitude on the order of 10 kilometers. The particles may be seeded by dispersal from seeding aircraft; one exemplary technique may be via the jet fuel as suggested by prior work regarding the metallic particles. Once the tiny particles have been dispersed into the atmosphere, the particles may remain in suspension for up to one year. It is understood that the above-described embodiment is merely illustrative of the possible specific embodiments which may represent principles of the present invention. Other arrangements may readily be devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. * * * * *
Protests in Gainsville here. One protestor notes the intensity of the sun has gotten worse with the chemtrails. I agree — it was especially bad in Fort Wayne with the chemtrail spraying. It normally doesn’t hit the 90s in June, but in all the years I was there, it hit 90 early in June and it was exhaustive heat. Given my already toxic system, it was probably worse for me than those whom aren’t as stricken. However, there were an awful lot of people there with respiratory illnesses. People my age or within ten years were having issues just breathing. As has been pointed out with vaccination, I have never seen so many sick people. As I’ve said before, mercury poisoned folk are the canaries in the coal mine, and we are much more sensitive to this stuff–and that includes Electro-magnetic fields (EMF’s). When I heard that the Navy yard shooter, Aaron Alexis, thought microwaves were being used against him, I wondered if he were toxic and experiencing the personal hell that they cause? Just recently, while in a classroom with a “smart board” (yet another electronic gadget for classrooms that really does not help the kids to learn but gee whiz look at what it can do!), I had the overhead LCD projector on, plus the computer, which is wired into the smartboard, and the “wand” that the teacher uses to project onto the screen. I had to shut both the wand and the LCD off because I became severely nauseated and my adrenals were starting to weaken–I was afraid they would crash. Within a half hour after turning them off, my nausea went away.
Protests in London. They are asserting that it is a program for population control. You know, before I read the paper on vaccines with hormones in them to cause sterilization, I would have said “no way” to this assertion. Now? Well, let’s just say the jury is still out on that. I’m not saying they are, but keeping an open mind.
An interesting video here that states they were found to contain aluminum, barium, and another substance that was not there previously. Note that they were started in the late 90s, which would be under….wait for it….Bill Clinton’s Administration.
I remembered that Bill Gates was connected to chemtrails, but my memory was fuzzy. This page explains his once again playing the Knight on a White Horse to save us all but in reality causing more harm and destruction.
Finally, a link off of the last link — a U.S. veteran training in environmental toxins, speaks out on her observations. I’m not a fan of Infowars, but this report does hold valuable information. I was with them until the end where she stated they would be carrying guns. Yeah, not a fan of that….
Bill de Blasio is apparently blessed by the Clintons….he is in the circle.
Peter Beinart should do his freaking homework before writing such a long-winded article on politics….especially when it raises the hopes of those of us who are wise to the Clintons and want to see their grip on politics broken.
According to this report, John “I don’t know how many houses I have” McCain says that the agreement reached between Russia, and the U.S. to destroy Syria’s chemical weapons is a show of….weakness. Yep. He asserts that the “friends and enemies” of the U.S. will view this as “provocative weakness”….um, what “friends” would view it this way? McCain doesn’t tell us…but a clue might be in the next assertion that this will embolden Iran….so my guess is that Israel sees this act of diplomacy and peace as….weak.
Yeah, well, it takes courage and strength NOT to drop a bomb. It takes courage and strength to negotiate. Anyone can drop a bomb…but the conflict doesn’t end there, although by appearances it seems to take care of the problem. Nope. What it does is create more problems with more violence.
Leave to republicans to find something wrong with a historical moment when the United States and Russia thwart World War III…
…again, they (and some Dems) must be pissed off that they’re not going to be able to profit off yet another war….
I thought that perhaps Vladimir Putin blew it with his chest-puffed-out stupid editorial (did you hear it was a U.S. PR firm that got it in the Times?)….but apparently not.
Gov. Scott Walker has rescinded a $500,000 grant to the United Sportsmen of Wisconsin.
You know, for folks who are so dead set against government in their lives, via taxation and regulation, they sure to go out of their way to get those tax dollars while trying to circumvent the democratic process.
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported that the grant was slipped into the budget bill by outgoing Majority Leader Scott Suder with terms that excluded most sporting groups in the state. The grant was not properly advertised, conveniently leaving United Sportsmen as the sole applicant.
You’re telling me that citizens throwing pop cans and shouting obscenities requires the use of armed guards? Talk about overreaction. Yes, it was wrong for the one demonstrator to destroy the camera, no doubt, but having armed guards with assault rifles is just soo over the top.
What I don’t understand is why they are allowed in the forest at all. Why are they destroying what little we have left? People seem to think that climate change is this thingy down the road….hello, it’s happening now and destroying the forests is one of the reasons. Why are they not valued as much as the mining operations? Why aren’t the environmental impacts on the land and water considered as important?
The primary cause of this lasting pollution is acid mine drainage. Mining exposes sulfide-bearing ore that generates sulfuric acid and mixes with water. This outflow of acidic water, otherwise known as acid mine drainage, contaminates drinking water aquifers, lakes, and streams, agricultural lands, and prime fish and wildlife habitat. Because acid mine drainage can’t be stopped, once started it must be treated until the acid generating material runs out. As acknowledged in government mining permits, this can take hundreds or thousands of years.
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Texas’ Freedom of Information Foundation is aiding CMD in obtaining public records that members of ALEC are trying to keep in the dark.
The Fight for Fifteen in Wisconsin. I think $15 per hour is reasonable and would put us back to where we would have been had our wages not stagnated over the last twenty or so years…
There is just something terribly wrong when a CEO can make millions in income while employees are forced on food stamps or food banks to feed themselves and their families.
Finally, in non-Wisconsin news, CMD has this up on the paper trail of Larry Summers. I haven’t begun to read all the information here, so I’m off to read the links. …note, however, the link to education “reform”–he’s on the board of the Eli Broad Foundation. Not only that, but Andy Stern is also on the board–he was head of the Service Employees Union…wow….a union supporter on the board of an organization trying to destroy teacher’s unions and public education. Just wow.
Susan Rice was on the tube today trying to sell the war. She tried playing on people’s emotions by saying that she was thinking of her own children as she watched the tapes of the children being gassed.
What about the children in Iraq? Don’t they remind Susan Rice of her children, too? More here.
How many children will be lost if we bomb Syria?
I asked the question “don’t we know how to use diplomacy anymore?” And it appears that John Kerry was an accidental diplomat when he reportedly made an offhanded remark that Syria could turn over chemical weapons to the international community. Now the State Dept. says it was “rhetorical”.
Are you serious?
Kerry apparently wasn’t, but Russia was and is now going to make moves to get Syria to hand over the chemicals. Well, now…didn’t expect that.
Who would have thought that Russia would have more diplomatic skills than the United States State Department?!
Damn….guess Wall St and the Congress warmongers aren’t going to be able to profit off another war. (she says with fingers and toes crossed and saying a prayer…)
The EU has urged the U.S. to wait until the U.N. report comes back before it takes any action. Note how the French have made a stupid statement that the U.N. report is basically not needed. Yep. That tells me more than anything the U.N. is very important to the assessment of what is going on and who is doing it. I am increasingly suspicious that it isn’t Syria doing it….then the question is…who is…?
Eagle 
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